The Workers' Party (Portuguese: Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) is a political party in blogger.com scholars classify its ideology in the 21st century as social democracy, with the party shifting from a broadly socialist ideology in the s. Founded in , it is the largest left-wing party in Latin America. PT governed at the federal level in a coalition government with several other Andrew File System (AFS) ended service on January 1, AFS was a file system and sharing platform that allowed users to access and distribute stored content. AFS We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow blogger.com more
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The Workers' Party Portuguese : Partido dos TrabalhadoresPT is a political party in Brazil. Some scholars classify its ideology in the 21st century as social democracywith the party shifting from a broadly socialist ideology in the s. After the parliamentary electionpurchase annotated bibliography, PT became the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and the largest in the Federal Senate for the first time [13] With the highest approval rating in the history of the country, former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is PT's most prominent member.
Both born among the opposition to the coup d'état of and the subsequent military dictatorshipPT and the Brazilian Social Democracy Party PSDB from to were the biggest adversaries in contemporary Brazilian politicswith their candidates finishing either first or second on the ballot on the last six presidential elections. Both parties generally prohibit any kind of coalition or official cooperation with each other. The Workers' Party was launched by a heterogeneous group made up of militants opposed to Brazil's military government, trade unionists, left-wing intellectuals and artists and Catholics linked to the liberation theology [17] on 10 February at Colégio Sion in São Pauloa private Catholic school for girls.
PT was born purchase annotated bibliography historical need, purchase annotated bibliography. PT is not an accident, purchase annotated bibliography. The future of Brazil goes through a party with the same program as PT, under any name whatsoever, under any leader whomsoever. PT was launched under a democratic socialism trend.
The resurgence of an organized labour movement, evidenced by strikes in the ABC Region on the late s led by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silvaenabled the reorganization of the labour movement without the direct interference of the state.
The movement originally sought to act exclusively in union politics, but the survival of a conservative unionism under the domination of the state evidenced in the refoundation of CGT and the influence exercised over the trade union movement by leaders of traditional left-wing parties, such as the Brazilian Communist Party Partido Comunista Brasileiro — PCBforced the unionist movement of ABC, encouraged by anti - Stalinist leaders, to organize its own party in a strategy similar to that held by the Solidarność union movement in Poland.
Therefore, PT emerged rejecting the traditional leaders of official unionism and seeking to purchase annotated bibliography into practice a new form of democratic socialism, trying to reject political models it regarded as decaying, such as the Soviet and Chinese ones. It represented the confluence between purchase annotated bibliography and anti-Stalinist intelligentsia.
PT was officially recognized as a party by the Brazilian Supreme Electoral Court on 11 February purchase annotated bibliography Sincethe Workers' Party has grown in popularity on the national stage by winning the elections in many of the largest Brazilian cities, such as São PauloFortalezapurchase annotated bibliography, Belo HorizontePorto Alegre and Goiânia as well as in some important states, such as Rio Grande do SulEspírito Santo and the Federal District.
This winning streak culminated with the victory of its presidential candidate Lula in who succeeded Fernando Henrique Cardoso of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira — PSDB.
For its defense of economic liberalismPSDB is the party's main electoral rival as well as the Democratsheir of the National Renewal Alliance Aliança Renovadora Nacional — ARENAruling party during the military dictatorship. Along with the Popular Socialist Party Partido Popular Socialista — PPSa dissidence of PCB, they form the centre-right opposition to the Lula administration.
In the general elections, Lula went to the second round with Fernando Collor de Mello. Even though all centrist and left-wing candidates of the first round united around Lula's candidacy, Collor's campaign was strongly supported by the mass media notably Rede Globo as seen on the documentary Beyond Citizen Kane and Lula lost in the second round by a close margin of 5.
Leading up to the general elections, Lula was the leading presidential candidate in the majority of polls. As a result, centrist and right-wing parties purchase annotated bibliography united for Fernando Henrique Cardoso 's candidacy. As Minister of Purchase annotated bibliography, Cardoso created the Real Planwhich established the new currency and subsequently ended inflation and provided economic stability.
However, it has been noted that "the elections were not a complete disaster for PT, purchase annotated bibliography, which significantly increased its presence in the Congress and elected for the first time two state governors".
After the detrition of PSDB's image and as a result of an economic crisis that burst in the final years of Cardoso's government, Lula won the presidential election in purchase annotated bibliography second round with over 52 million votes, becoming the most voted president in history, surpassing Ronald Reagan.
On 29 OctoberPT won 83 seats in the Chamber purchase annotated bibliography Deputies and 11 seats in the Federal Senate.
PT is now the second largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, the fourth largest party in the Federal Senate and has 5 state governorships. However, it purchase annotated bibliography gained control of one among the ten richest states Bahia. In the general elections held on 3 October, PT gained control of With 88 seats gained, it became the largest party in the lower chamber for the first time ever. PT also became the second largest party in the Federal Senate for the first time after electing of 11 senators, making a total of 14 senators for the — legislature.
Its national coalition gained control of seats in the lower house and 50 seats in the upper house, a broad majority in both houses which the Lula administration never had.
This election also saw the decrease in purchase annotated bibliography number of seats controlled by the centre-right opposition bloc as it shrank from to deputies. The left-wing opposition, formed by PSOL, retained control of three seats. The party was also expected to elect its presidential candidate Dilma Rousseff in the first round. On 1 Januaryshe was inaugurated and thus became the first female head of government ever in the history of Brazil and the first de facto female head of state since the death in of Maria IQueen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
In the elections, PT retained control of the governorships of Bahia, Sergipe and Acrein addition to gaining back control of Rio Grande do Sul and the Federal District. Nevertheless, it lost control of Pará. Candidates supported by the party won the race in AmapáCeará, Espírito SantoMaranhão, Mato GrossoPernambuco, Piauí and Rio de Janeirowhich means that PT would participate in 13 out of 27 state governorships.
PT enjoyed strong representation in the cabinets it led for most of the time that it was in office. Although PT deliberately never identified itself with a particular brand of leftism, it nevertheless "always defined itself as socialist" and espoused many radical positions. Over the next few years, the party moderated a bit, but it never clearly shed its radicalism and undertook no major reforms of party principles even after Lula's defeat in the presidential elections.
InLula ran for the presidency again and during his campaign dismissed Fernando Henrique Cardoso 's recently implemented Real Plan as an "electoral swindle". Thus, as of "little or nothing" had changed in PT's official ideology since the early s. After Lula's loss, the party began a slow process of self-examination. Lula's third presidential campaign platform in cut socialist proposals and even the mention of a transition to a socialist society, but the party's self-definition remained highly ambiguous as the resolution from the party's Meeting that year affirmed that Lula's platform "should not be confused with the socialist program of PT".
Most of the Workers' Party votes in presidential elections since stems from the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. Nevertheless, the party has always won every presidential election in Rio de Janeiro from to and in Minas Gerais from to these are two of the three largest states by number of voters and together they comprise The party also maintains a stronghold in the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sulwhere it has won continuously since the second round of until Originally an urban party, with ties to ABC Region 's unionism, PT has recently seen a major increase of its support in smaller towns.
Most of PT's rejection comes from São Paulo as it has won elections there only once in both rounds. The historical PT rejection in São Paulo was more widespread in interior than the capital as PT won theand São Paulo mayoral election and was a major force in his homeland, the Greater São Paulo. Despite this, the party lost its support even in the region and has not won any electoral zone in purchase annotated bibliography capital in municipal elections. Fernando Haddadthe candidate seeking reelection, stayed in a distant second place, with 36 percentual points below the winner João Doria.
PT managed to win in only one city of the region, the small and distant municipality of Franco da Rocha. PT is also strongly rejected in other states of the Center-Southsuch as Rio de Janeiropurchase annotated bibliography, which until had voted in the Workers Party presidential candidates in all new republic elections exceptthe party shows strong difficulties to make representatives in federal, state and municipal levels.
The party never elected a mayor in the capital of the statenever elected a governor Benedita da Silva purchase annotated bibliography, the sole governor of the state from the party, took over because the resignation of the titular Anthony Garotinho inpurchase annotated bibliography, which her party had broken some years early, and was purchase annotated bibliography defeated in the same year's election by the Garotinho's wife Rosângela Matheus and is often overturned in elections by left-wing parties with much less weight in national elections.
The triumphs in the state were more associated with a strong rejection of PSDB in the state which is even more weak and rejected despite his national strength than a support of PT's program. In presidential elections, PT lost in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo with similar percentages in both states, with a difference of only 0. Despite being a southeastern state, many regions of Minas Gerais, especially in the north region of the state, purchase annotated bibliography, had strong economic, cultural and socially ties with the Northeast.
São Francisco Rivera symbol of the Northeast, has its source in a small city of Minas, Pirapora. With the exception of Rio Grande do Sul and Distrito Federal, PT never gets an elected governor in the Center-south untilwhen Fernando Damata Pimentel was elected governor of Minas Gerais.
PT had a strong electoral stronghold in North Brazil and in the Amazonian region; The party triumphed in every state governorship in Acre from to However, the Acre section of the party is far more purchase annotated bibliography and moderate than the rest of the party and PT had only won the presidential election in the state twice in and PT also lost the governorship of Acre in to a candidate from right-wing Progressive Party.
The electoral stronghold was also lost in elections; PT only triumphed in the states of Pará and Tocantinsthe only states in the region which borders Brazilian Northeast and much of their culture is near from Northwest than the rest of Amazon, purchase annotated bibliography. In Amazonas, purchase annotated bibliography, the largest Brazilian states, purchase annotated bibliography, PT lost in for the first time since ; PT lost in the capital of the state, Manausa free zone which concentrates more than the half of the population of the state; in the large, sparsely inhabited interior of the Amazonian state, purchase annotated bibliography, PT win by a large margin but insufficient to guarantee the fifth triumph of the party in the state on presidential election.
PT, however, maintained and expanded his stronghold in Northeast Brazil, conquered in Lula first elections in Sincethe only time that a state other than these which did not vote in PT in a presidential election was Alagoas in both rounds of presidential elections. PT and its allies was able to make big gains in north and northeast regions of Brazil even in times which the party was in crisis, like in the last mayoral elections.
PCdoB is now the strongest party in Maranhão state and was able to elect the mayor of Aracajupurchase annotated bibliography, Sergipe ; PSB is purchase annotated bibliography the strongest party in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba ; and PDT was able to triumph in three capitals of the northeastern. Despite losing all capitals in northwest, PT had the governorships of three northwestern states, PiauíBahia and Ceará.
The governorship of Bahia, conquered inis symbolical. Bahia is now the main stronghold of PT, the most reliable state for the Petismo and is considered a governance model to the party. Despite this, the state's purchase annotated bibliography Salvador is governed by ACM Netoa leading member of DEM and grandson of Antonio Carlos Magalhães.
The party is often accused of exploit the North—South divide in Brazil to gain votes in the northeast. The party denies the claims and accuses the opposition to do the same in the South and Southeast, purchase annotated bibliography. According to a poll conducted by IBOPE on 31 Octoberduring the second round voting PT's candidate Dilma Rouseff had an overwhelming majority of votes among the poorest Brazilians.
The changes in the political orientation of PT from a left-wing socialist to a centre-left social-democratic party after Lula was elected president were well received by many in the population, but as a historically more radical party PT has experienced purchase annotated bibliography series of internal struggles with members who have refused to embrace the new political positions of the party.
These struggles have fueled public debates, the worst of which had its climax in Decemberwhen four dissident purchase annotated bibliography were expelled from the party for voting against Social Insurance Reform. In another move, purchase annotated bibliography, members of the radical wing of the party announced they were abandoning PT in the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre on 30 January They also published a manifesto entitled Manifesto of the Rupture that states that PT "is no longer an instrument of social transformation, but only an instrument of the status quo", continuing with references to the International Purchase annotated bibliography Fund and other economic and social issues.
This scandal, called the BANCOOP caseincluded João Vaccari Neto and four other directors of the purchase annotated bibliography cooperative. The cooperative received government contracts and had multi-million purchase annotated bibliography revenue. This scandal unfolded around Septemberpurchase annotated bibliography, just two weeks before general elections.
As a result, Berzoini left the coordination of Lula's re-election after allegedly using PT's budget which is partially state-funded through party allowances to purchase from a confessed fraudster a dossier that would be used to attack political adversaries.
On 25 Aprilthe Supreme Electoral Tribunal unanimously cleared Lula of any responsibility for this scandal. In Julymembers of the party suffered a sequence of corruption accusationsstarted by a deputy of the Brazilian Labour Party Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro — PTBRoberto Jefferson. José Genoíno resigned as president of the party and was replaced by Tarso Genroformer mayor of Porto Alegre.
A small minority of party members defected as a result of the crisis. Most of them went to PSOL. The investigation of a series of crimes, purchase annotated bibliography, such corruption and money laundering, led to the arrest of the party's treasurer João Vaccari Neto and his sister-in-law.
José Genoino, purchase annotated bibliography, Purchase annotated bibliography Dirceu, Delcídio do Amaral, André Vargas and Purchase annotated bibliography Soares were also arrested in the process.
Most recently, former President Lula was arrested in April There are about thirty purchase annotated bibliography tendências within PT, ranging from Articulação, the centre-left group that Lula is a part of, to Marxists and Christian socialists. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the Bissau-Guinean party, see Workers' Party Guinea-Bissau.
Not to be confused with Brazilian Labour Party current.
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